You use litotes when, instead of saying something directly, you say the negation of its opposite. People do this all the time, for example, when A asks, "What's up?" and B answers, "Not much." Without litotes, B would have answered: "Little."
Here is another example, and this is from George Orwell: "A not unblack dog was chasing a not unsmall rabbit across a not ungreen field." Without the three litotes, that would have been: "A black dog was chasing a small rabbit across a green field." See how ridiculous that sounds with litotes?
So here is a last example, and this one is about what happened to me just yesterday night: With litotes, I did not win the powerball, which wouldn't have been all that dramatic, but without litotes, I lost the powerball :( Sometimes, contemplating language can really get you depressed ...
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